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如何用C语言实现与Oracle数据库的连接?

要连接Oracle数据库,可以使用JDBC或OCI等技术。首先加载驱动程序,然后创建连接字符串,最后使用用户名和密码进行连接。

在C语言中连接Oracle数据库,可以通过多种方式实现,下面将详细介绍如何使用OCI(Oracle Call Interface)和ODBC(Open Database Connectivity)这两种常用的方法来连接Oracle数据库,并提供相应的代码示例。

如何用C语言实现与Oracle数据库的连接?

c连接oracle数据库类

OCI(Oracle Call Interface)

OCI是Oracle提供的原生API,允许应用程序与Oracle数据库进行高效的通信,以下是使用OCI连接Oracle数据库的步骤和代码示例:

1. 安装和配置OCI

在使用OCI之前,首先需要安装Oracle客户端并配置环境变量,如ORACLE_HOMELD_LIBRARY_PATH

export ORACLE_HOME=/path/to/oracle/client
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH

2. 编写OCI程序

初始化OCI环境、连接数据库、执行SQL语句、处理结果集以及清理资源是使用OCI的基本步骤。

代码示例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <oci.h>
int main() {
    OCIEnv *envhp;
    OCIError *errhp;
    OCISvcCtx *svchp;
    OCIStmt *sthp;
    sword status;
    // 初始化OCI环境
    status = OCIEnvCreate(&envhp, OCI_DEFAULT, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL);
    if (status != OCI_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf(stderr, "OCIEnvCreate failed
");
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    // 创建错误句柄
    status = OCIHandleAlloc(envhp, (dvoid **)&errhp, OCI_HTYPE_ERROR, 0, NULL);
    if (status != OCI_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf(stderr, "OCIHandleAlloc for error handle failed
");
        OCIEnvFree(envhp, OCI_DEFAULT);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    // 创建服务句柄并连接到数据库
    status = OCIHandleAlloc(envhp, (dvoid **)&svchp, OCI_HTYPE_SVCCTX, 0, NULL);
    if (status != OCI_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf(stderr, "OCIHandleAlloc for service context failed
");
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)errhp, OCI_HTYPE_ERROR);
        OCIEnvFree(envhp, OCI_DEFAULT);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    status = OCILogon(envhp, errhp, &svchp, "username", strlen("username"), "password", strlen("password"), "dbname", strlen("dbname"));
    if (status != OCI_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf(stderr, "OCILogon failed
");
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)svchp, OCI_HTYPE_SVCCTX);
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)errhp, OCI_HTYPE_ERROR);
        OCIEnvFree(envhp, OCI_DEFAULT);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    printf("Connected to Oracle Database successfully!
");
    // 创建语句句柄并执行SQL查询
    status = OCIHandleAlloc(svchp, (dvoid **)&sthp, OCI_HTYPE_STMT, 0, NULL);
    if (status != OCI_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf(stderr, "OCIHandleAlloc for statement handle failed
");
        OCILogoff(svchp, errhp);
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)svchp, OCI_HTYPE_SVCCTX);
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)errhp, OCI_HTYPE_ERROR);
        OCIEnvFree(envhp, OCI_DEFAULT);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    char *sql = "SELECT * FROM mytable";
    status = OCIStmtPrepare(sthp, errhp, (const text *)sql, strlen(sql), OCI_NTV_SYNTAX, OCI_DEFAULT);
    if (status != OCI_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf(stderr, "OCIStmtPrepare failed
");
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)sthp, OCI_HTYPE_STMT);
        OCILogoff(svchp, errhp);
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)svchp, OCI_HTYPE_SVCCTX);
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)errhp, OCI_HTYPE_ERROR);
        OCIEnvFree(envhp, OCI_DEFAULT);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    status = OCIStmtExecute(svchp, sthp, errhp, 1, 0, NULL, NULL, OCI_DEFAULT);
    if (status != OCI_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf(stderr, "OCIStmtExecute failed
");
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)sthp, OCI_HTYPE_STMT);
        OCILogoff(svchp, errhp);
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)svchp, OCI_HTYPE_SVCCTX);
        OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)errhp, OCI_HTYPE_ERROR);
        OCIEnvFree(envhp, OCI_DEFAULT);
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    // 处理结果集(此处省略具体处理逻辑)
    // ...
    // 清理资源
    OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)sthp, OCI_HTYPE_STMT);
    OCILogoff(svchp, errhp);
    OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)svchp, OCI_HTYPE_SVCCTX);
    OCIHandleFree((dvoid *)errhp, OCI_HTYPE_ERROR);
    OCIEnvFree(envhp, OCI_DEFAULT);
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

ODBC(Open Database Connectivity)

ODBC是一个通用的数据库连接接口,支持多种数据库,包括Oracle,以下是使用ODBC连接Oracle数据库的步骤和代码示例:

c连接oracle数据库类

1. 安装和配置ODBC

需要安装ODBC驱动程序,并配置数据源名称(DSN)。

odbcinst -i -d -f /path/to/odbcinst.ini
odbcinst -i -s -l -f /path/to/odbc.ini

2. 编写ODBC程序

初始化ODBC环境、连接数据库、执行SQL语句、处理结果集以及清理资源是使用ODBC的基本步骤。

代码示例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sql.h>
#include <sqlext.h>
void checkError(SQLRETURN ret, SQLHANDLE h, SQLSMALLINT type) {
    if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED && !SQL_NO_DATA) {
        SQLCHAR sqlstate[6], msg[SQL_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH];
        SQLINTEGER native;
        SQLSMALLINT length;
        switch (type) {
            case SQL_HANDLE_ENV:
                printf("Environment handle error
");
                break;
            case SQL_HANDLE_DBC:
                printf("Connection handle error
");
                break;
            case SQL_HANDLE_STMT:
                printf("Statement handle error
");
                break;
            default:
                break;
        }
        SQLGetDiagRec(h, type, 1, sqlstate, &native, msg, sizeof(msg), &length);
        printf("Message: %s
", msg);
        exit(1);
    }
}
int main() {
    SQLHENV env;
    SQLHDBC dbc;
    SQLHSTMT stmt;
    SQLRETURN ret; /* ODBC API return status */
    SQLCHAR dsn[] = "DSN=mydsn;UID=username;PWD=password;"; /* data source name=mydsn */
    char result[100];
    SQLINTEGER empno;
    char ename[50];
    char job[30];
    float sal;
    char dept[20];
    char mgr[20];
    char hiredate[12];
    char sql[256]; /* SQL statement */
    char empid[10]; /* employee id */
    int empidlen; /* length of the id string */
    char empname[50]; /* employee name */
    int empnamelen; /* length of the name string */
    char empjob[30]; /* job title */
    int empjoblen; /* length of the job title string */
    float empsal; /* salary */
    char empdept[20]; /* department */
    int empdeptlen; /* length of the department string */
    char empmgr[20]; /* manager id */
    int empmgrlen; /* length of the manager id string */
    char emphiredate[12]; /* hire date */
    int emphiredatelen; /* length of the hire date string */
    char empcomm[10]; /* commission */
    int empcommlen; /* length of the commission string */
    char empbonus[10]; /* bonus */
    int empbonuslen; /* length of the bonus string */
    char empgrade[10]; /* grade level */
    int empgradelen; /* length of the grade level string */
    char empnext[10]; /* next raise date */
    int empnextlen; /* length of the next raise date string */
    char empproj[30]; /* project code */
    int empprojlen; /* length of the project code string */
    char empmng[30]; /* manager name */
    int empmnglen; /* length of the manager name string */
    char empnotes[256]; /* notes */
    int empnoteslen; /* length of the notes string */
    char empphoto[2048]; /* photograph */
    int empphotolen; /* length of the photograph string */
    char empaudio[1024]; /* audio file */
    int empaudiolen; /* length of the audio file string */
    char empvideo[2048]; /* video file */
    int empvideolen; /* length of the video file string */
    /* initialize environment and connect to database */
    SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_ENV, SQL_NULL_HANDLE, &env); /* Allocate environment handle */
    SQLSetEnvAttr(env, SQL_ATTR_ODBC_VERSION, 6); /* We want ODBC version 3 */
    SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, env, &dbc); /* Allocate connection handle */
    ret = SQLDriverConnect(dbc, NULL, dsn, SQL_NTS, NULL, 0, NULL, 0, &sqlstate); /* Connect to data source */
    checkError(ret, dbc, SQL_HANDLE_DBC); /* Check for success or failure */
    printf("Connected to Oracle Database successfully!
");
    /* create a statement handle */
    SQLAllocHandle(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, dbc, &stmt); /* Allocate statement handle */
    strcpy(sql, "SELECT * FROM mytable"); /* Create SQL query */
    ret = SQLExecDirect(stmt, (SQLCHAR *)sql, SQL_NTS); /* Execute SQL query */
    checkError(ret, stmt, SQL_HANDLE_STMT); /* Check for success or failure */
    /* bind columns in result set to variables */
    SQLBindCol(stmt, 1, SQL_C_CHAR, result, sizeof(result), NULL); /* Bind column 1 to variable 'result' */
    while (SQLFetch(stmt) == SQL_SUCCESS) { /* fetch each row */
        printf("Result: %s
", result); /* Print the result */
    }
    /* disconnect from database and free resources */
    SQLDisconnect(dbc); /* Disconnect from database */
    SQLFreeHandle(SQL_HANDLE_STMT, stmt); /* Free statement handle */
    SQLFreeHandle(SQL_HANDLE_DBC, dbc); /* Free connection handle */
    SQLFreeHandle(SQL_HANDLE_ENV, env); /* Free environment handle */
    return 0; /* Return success */
}

相关问题与解答栏目:

**问题1:如何在C语言中使用Pro*C预编译器连接Oracle数据库?

答案1: Pro*C是一种预编译器,可以将嵌入在C代码中的SQL语句转换为OCI调用,使用Pro*C连接Oracle数据库的步骤如下:首先安装Oracle客户端并配置Pro*C环境;然后在Pro*C程序中嵌入SQL语句,并通过预编译生成C代码;最后编译并运行该C代码即可,具体代码示例可参考Pro*C官方文档或相关教程。

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